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Thread: Java program to invert a string and display the last enter key in uppercase

  1. #1
    Java kindergarten chronoz13's Avatar
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    Unhappy Java program to invert a string and display the last enter key in uppercase

    i want to ask some help about this ,
    ill show the code first

    this is the same as the recent post about inverting a string.

    import java.io.*;
     
     
    public class Sample
     
    {
     
        private static BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
     
        public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException
     
        {
            String invertedString,
                   word;
     
            System.out.print("Enter a word : ");
            word = br.readLine( );
     
            invertedString = invert(word);
     
            System.out.println("Inverted: " + invertedString);
        }
     
     
        private static  String invert(String string)
        {
            String temp = "";
            String inverted = "";
            int loopCount;
     
            for (loopCount = string.length( ) -1; loopCount >= 0; loopCount--)
     
                temp = temp + string.charAt(loopCount);
                inverted = temp;
     
            return inverted;
        }
     
    }

    the output for this program will be like this,
    -------------------------------
    Enter a word : program
    Inverted: margorp
    -----------------------------
    this is the problem.. i'm having some hard time trying everything to get this output

    ----------------------------------------
    Enter a word: program
    Inverted: margorp
    InvertedIntialCapital : Margrop
    ----------------------------------------
    i want to extract the last character that will be keyed in the program,
    ofcourse the last charcter will be the first one if it is inverted.
    BUT i want it to be upperCased

    please help me with my exercise

    converting it to uppercase is easy, but the BIG problem is on extracting it.
    extracting THE LAST character plus displaying it together with the rest that was keyed in(reversely)

    help
    Last edited by chronoz13; August 26th, 2009 at 04:09 AM.


  2. #2
    Super Moderator Json's Avatar
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    Default Re: inverted string again, far more difficult

    How about this for you.

        public static String reverseAndCapitalize(final String input) {
            if (input != null) {
                final String reversedString = new StringBuilder(input).reverse().toString();
                return new StringBuilder(reversedString.length()).reverse().append(Character.toTitleCase(reversedString.charAt(0))).append(reversedString.substring(1)).toString();
            }
     
            return input;
        }

    // Json

  3. The Following User Says Thank You to Json For This Useful Post:

    chronoz13 (August 26th, 2009)

  4. #3
    Java kindergarten chronoz13's Avatar
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    Default Re: inverted string again, far more difficult

    WOW this one is awsome for me !! tnx again sir JSon!! anyway

    ahm.. just a favor..
    can you please modify the first program with this kind of problem. without using StringBuilder..
    i want to study its logic.. please sir......pleaes tnx agian!!

  5. #4
    Super Moderator Json's Avatar
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    Default Re: inverted string again, far more difficult

    There wouldn't really be any point in doing that, but here is the logic of the StringBuilders reverse method.

        public AbstractStringBuilder reverse() {
    	boolean hasSurrogate = false;
    	int n = count - 1;
    	for (int j = (n-1) >> 1; j >= 0; --j) {
    	    char temp = value[j];
    	    char temp2 = value[n - j];
    	    if (!hasSurrogate) {
    		hasSurrogate = (temp >= Character.MIN_SURROGATE && temp <= Character.MAX_SURROGATE)
    		    || (temp2 >= Character.MIN_SURROGATE && temp2 <= Character.MAX_SURROGATE);
    	    }
    	    value[j] = temp2;
    	    value[n - j] = temp;
    	}
    	if (hasSurrogate) {
    	    // Reverse back all valid surrogate pairs
    	    for (int i = 0; i < count - 1; i++) {
    		char c2 = value[i];
    		if (Character.isLowSurrogate(c2)) {
    		    char c1 = value[i + 1];
    		    if (Character.isHighSurrogate(c1)) {
    			value[i++] = c1;
    			value[i] = c2;
    		    }
    		}
    	    }
    	}
    	return this;
        }

    Here is a more readable version of the method including some comments.

        public static String reverseAndCapitalize(final String input) {
            if (input != null) {
                final String reversedString = new StringBuilder(input).reverse().toString(); // Reverse the input string
                final StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder(reversedString.length()); // Create a new StringBuilder with an initial size of the reversed string
                stringBuilder.append(Character.toTitleCase(reversedString.charAt(0))); // Add the first character of the reversed string to the builder as a CAPITALIZED character
                stringBuilder.append(reversedString.substring(1)); // Add the rest of the reversed string to the builder
     
                return stringBuilder.toString(); // Return whatever is in the StringBuilder
            }
     
            return input;
        }

    // Json

  6. The Following User Says Thank You to Json For This Useful Post:

    chronoz13 (August 26th, 2009)

  7. #5
    Super Moderator helloworld922's Avatar
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    Default Re: inverted string again, far more difficult

    There wouldn't really be any point in doing that, but here is the logic of the StringBuilders reverse method.
    There is always a point to studying algorithms and logic

  8. The Following User Says Thank You to helloworld922 For This Useful Post:

    chronoz13 (August 26th, 2009)

  9. #6
    Java kindergarten chronoz13's Avatar
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    Default Re: inverted string again, far more difficult

    tnx Json hehe, I appreciate it tnx a lot,
    and tnx hellowold,its just that i want to understand how does things work.

  10. #7
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    Default Re: inverted string again, far more difficult

    No problem.

    Happy coding!

    // Json

  11. #8
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    Smile Re: inverted string again, far more difficult

    yeah tnx tnx!!

    im not testing the last code yet, im just gonnat post if theres any hard problems that i will encounter just in case,

    tnx sir!!!

  12. #9
    Java kindergarten chronoz13's Avatar
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    Exclamation Re: inverted string again, far more difficult

        public AbstractStringBuilder reverse() {
    	boolean hasSurrogate = false;
    	int n = count - 1;
    	for (int j = (n-1) >> 1; j >= 0; --j) {
    	    char temp = value[j];
    	    char temp2 = value[n - j];
    	    if (!hasSurrogate) {
    		hasSurrogate = (temp >= Character.MIN_SURROGATE && temp <= Character.MAX_SURROGATE)
    		    || (temp2 >= Character.MIN_SURROGATE && temp2 <= Character.MAX_SURROGATE);
    	    }
    	    value[j] = temp2;
    	    value[n - j] = temp;
    	}
    	if (hasSurrogate) {
    	    // Reverse back all valid surrogate pairs
    	    for (int i = 0; i < count - 1; i++) {
    		char c2 = value[i];
    		if (Character.isLowSurrogate(c2)) {
    		    char c1 = value[i + 1];
    		    if (Character.isHighSurrogate(c1)) {
    			value[i++] = c1;
    			value[i] = c2;
    		    }
    		}
    	    }
    	}
    	return this;
        }


    hahah this one is driving me crazy hahahahahah

  13. #10
    Super Moderator Json's Avatar
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    Default Re: inverted string again, far more difficult

    For more of a full view on this.

    AbstractStringBuilder.java

    /*
     * Copyright 2003-2008 Sun Microsystems, Inc.  All rights reserved.
     * SUN PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
     */
     
    package java.lang;
     
    import sun.misc.FloatingDecimal;
    import java.util.Arrays;
     
    /**
     * A mutable sequence of characters.
     * <p>
     * Implements a modifiable string. At any point in time it contains some
     * particular sequence of characters, but the length and content of the
     * sequence can be changed through certain method calls.
     *
     * @author      Michael McCloskey
     * @since       1.5
     */
    abstract class AbstractStringBuilder implements Appendable, CharSequence {
        /**
         * The value is used for character storage.
         */
        char[] value;
     
        /**
         * The count is the number of characters used.
         */
        int count;
     
        /**
         * This no-arg constructor is necessary for serialization of subclasses.
         */
        AbstractStringBuilder() {
        }
     
        /**
         * Creates an AbstractStringBuilder of the specified capacity.
         */
        AbstractStringBuilder(int capacity) {
            value = new char[capacity];
        }
     
        /**
         * Returns the length (character count).
         *
         * @return  the length of the sequence of characters currently
         *          represented by this object
         */
        public int length() {
            return count;
        }
     
        /**
         * Returns the current capacity. The capacity is the amount of storage
         * available for newly inserted characters, beyond which an allocation
         * will occur.
         *
         * @return  the current capacity
         */
        public int capacity() {
            return value.length;
        }
     
        /**
         * Ensures that the capacity is at least equal to the specified minimum.
         * If the current capacity is less than the argument, then a new internal
         * array is allocated with greater capacity. The new capacity is the
         * larger of:
         * <ul>
         * <li>The <code>minimumCapacity</code> argument.
         * <li>Twice the old capacity, plus <code>2</code>.
         * </ul>
         * If the <code>minimumCapacity</code> argument is nonpositive, this
         * method takes no action and simply returns.
         *
         * @param   minimumCapacity   the minimum desired capacity.
         */
        public void ensureCapacity(int minimumCapacity) {
            if (minimumCapacity > value.length) {
                expandCapacity(minimumCapacity);
            }
        }
     
        /**
         * This implements the expansion semantics of ensureCapacity with no
         * size check or synchronization.
         */
        void expandCapacity(int minimumCapacity) {
            int newCapacity = (value.length + 1) * 2;
            if (newCapacity < 0) {
                newCapacity = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
            } else if (minimumCapacity > newCapacity) {
                newCapacity = minimumCapacity;
            }
            value = Arrays.copyOf(value, newCapacity);
        }
     
        /**
         * Attempts to reduce storage used for the character sequence.
         * If the buffer is larger than necessary to hold its current sequence of
         * characters, then it may be resized to become more space efficient.
         * Calling this method may, but is not required to, affect the value
         * returned by a subsequent call to the {@link #capacity()} method.
         */
        public void trimToSize() {
            if (count < value.length) {
                value = Arrays.copyOf(value, count);
            }
        }
     
        /**
         * Sets the length of the character sequence.
         * The sequence is changed to a new character sequence
         * whose length is specified by the argument. For every nonnegative
         * index <i>k</i> less than <code>newLength</code>, the character at
         * index <i>k</i> in the new character sequence is the same as the
         * character at index <i>k</i> in the old sequence if <i>k</i> is less
         * than the length of the old character sequence; otherwise, it is the
         * null character <code>'\u0000'</code>.
         *
         * In other words, if the <code>newLength</code> argument is less than
         * the current length, the length is changed to the specified length.
         * <p>
         * If the <code>newLength</code> argument is greater than or equal
         * to the current length, sufficient null characters
         * (<code>'\u0000'</code>) are appended so that
         * length becomes the <code>newLength</code> argument.
         * <p>
         * The <code>newLength</code> argument must be greater than or equal
         * to <code>0</code>.
         *
         * @param      newLength   the new length
         * @throws     IndexOutOfBoundsException  if the
         *               <code>newLength</code> argument is negative.
         */
        public void setLength(int newLength) {
            if (newLength < 0)
                throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(newLength);
            if (newLength > value.length)
                expandCapacity(newLength);
     
            if (count < newLength) {
                for (; count < newLength; count++)
                    value[count] = '\0';
            } else {
                count = newLength;
            }
        }
     
        /**
         * Returns the <code>char</code> value in this sequence at the specified index.
         * The first <code>char</code> value is at index <code>0</code>, the next at index
         * <code>1</code>, and so on, as in array indexing.
         * <p>
         * The index argument must be greater than or equal to
         * <code>0</code>, and less than the length of this sequence.
         *
         * <p>If the <code>char</code> value specified by the index is a
         * <a href="Character.html#unicode">surrogate</a>, the surrogate
         * value is returned.
         *
         * @param      index   the index of the desired <code>char</code> value.
         * @return     the <code>char</code> value at the specified index.
         * @throws     IndexOutOfBoundsException  if <code>index</code> is
         *             negative or greater than or equal to <code>length()</code>.
         */
        public char charAt(int index) {
            if ((index < 0) || (index >= count))
                throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
            return value[index];
        }
     
        /**
         * Returns the character (Unicode code point) at the specified
         * index. The index refers to <code>char</code> values
         * (Unicode code units) and ranges from <code>0</code> to
         * {@link #length()}<code> - 1</code>.
         *
         * <p> If the <code>char</code> value specified at the given index
         * is in the high-surrogate range, the following index is less
         * than the length of this sequence, and the
         * <code>char</code> value at the following index is in the
         * low-surrogate range, then the supplementary code point
         * corresponding to this surrogate pair is returned. Otherwise,
         * the <code>char</code> value at the given index is returned.
         *
         * @param      index the index to the <code>char</code> values
         * @return     the code point value of the character at the
         *             <code>index</code>
         * @exception  IndexOutOfBoundsException  if the <code>index</code>
         *             argument is negative or not less than the length of this
         *             sequence.
         */
        public int codePointAt(int index) {
            if ((index < 0) || (index >= count)) {
                throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
            }
            return Character.codePointAt(value, index);
        }
     
        /**
         * Returns the character (Unicode code point) before the specified
         * index. The index refers to <code>char</code> values
         * (Unicode code units) and ranges from <code>1</code> to {@link
         * #length()}.
         *
         * <p> If the <code>char</code> value at <code>(index - 1)</code>
         * is in the low-surrogate range, <code>(index - 2)</code> is not
         * negative, and the <code>char</code> value at <code>(index -
         * 2)</code> is in the high-surrogate range, then the
         * supplementary code point value of the surrogate pair is
         * returned. If the <code>char</code> value at <code>index -
         * 1</code> is an unpaired low-surrogate or a high-surrogate, the
         * surrogate value is returned.
         *
         * @param     index the index following the code point that should be returned
         * @return    the Unicode code point value before the given index.
         * @exception IndexOutOfBoundsException if the <code>index</code>
         *            argument is less than 1 or greater than the length
         *            of this sequence.
         */
        public int codePointBefore(int index) {
            int i = index - 1;
            if ((i < 0) || (i >= count)) {
                throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
            }
            return Character.codePointBefore(value, index);
        }
     
        /**
         * Returns the number of Unicode code points in the specified text
         * range of this sequence. The text range begins at the specified
         * <code>beginIndex</code> and extends to the <code>char</code> at
         * index <code>endIndex - 1</code>. Thus the length (in
         * <code>char</code>s) of the text range is
         * <code>endIndex-beginIndex</code>. Unpaired surrogates within
         * this sequence count as one code point each.
         *
         * @param beginIndex the index to the first <code>char</code> of
         * the text range.
         * @param endIndex the index after the last <code>char</code> of
         * the text range.
         * @return the number of Unicode code points in the specified text
         * range
         * @exception IndexOutOfBoundsException if the
         * <code>beginIndex</code> is negative, or <code>endIndex</code>
         * is larger than the length of this sequence, or
         * <code>beginIndex</code> is larger than <code>endIndex</code>.
         */
        public int codePointCount(int beginIndex, int endIndex) {
            if (beginIndex < 0 || endIndex > count || beginIndex > endIndex) {
                throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
            }
            return Character.codePointCountImpl(value, beginIndex, endIndex-beginIndex);
        }
     
        /**
         * Returns the index within this sequence that is offset from the
         * given <code>index</code> by <code>codePointOffset</code> code
         * points. Unpaired surrogates within the text range given by
         * <code>index</code> and <code>codePointOffset</code> count as
         * one code point each.
         *
         * @param index the index to be offset
         * @param codePointOffset the offset in code points
         * @return the index within this sequence
         * @exception IndexOutOfBoundsException if <code>index</code>
         *   is negative or larger then the length of this sequence,
         *   or if <code>codePointOffset</code> is positive and the subsequence
         *   starting with <code>index</code> has fewer than
         *   <code>codePointOffset</code> code points,
         *   or if <code>codePointOffset</code> is negative and the subsequence
         *   before <code>index</code> has fewer than the absolute value of
         *   <code>codePointOffset</code> code points.
         */
        public int offsetByCodePoints(int index, int codePointOffset) {
            if (index < 0 || index > count) {
                throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
            }
            return Character.offsetByCodePointsImpl(value, 0, count,
                                                    index, codePointOffset);
        }
     
        /**
         * Characters are copied from this sequence into the
         * destination character array <code>dst</code>. The first character to
         * be copied is at index <code>srcBegin</code>; the last character to
         * be copied is at index <code>srcEnd-1</code>. The total number of
         * characters to be copied is <code>srcEnd-srcBegin</code>. The
         * characters are copied into the subarray of <code>dst</code> starting
         * at index <code>dstBegin</code> and ending at index:
         * <p><blockquote><pre>
         * dstbegin + (srcEnd-srcBegin) - 1
         * </pre></blockquote>
         *
         * @param      srcBegin   start copying at this offset.
         * @param      srcEnd     stop copying at this offset.
         * @param      dst        the array to copy the data into.
         * @param      dstBegin   offset into <code>dst</code>.
         * @throws     NullPointerException if <code>dst</code> is
         *             <code>null</code>.
         * @throws     IndexOutOfBoundsException  if any of the following is true:
         *             <ul>
         *             <li><code>srcBegin</code> is negative
         *             <li><code>dstBegin</code> is negative
         *             <li>the <code>srcBegin</code> argument is greater than
         *             the <code>srcEnd</code> argument.
         *             <li><code>srcEnd</code> is greater than
         *             <code>this.length()</code>.
         *             <li><code>dstBegin+srcEnd-srcBegin</code> is greater than
         *             <code>dst.length</code>
         *             </ul>
         */
        public void getChars(int srcBegin, int srcEnd, char[] dst, int dstBegin)
        {
            if (srcBegin < 0)
                throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(srcBegin);
            if ((srcEnd < 0) || (srcEnd > count))
                throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(srcEnd);
            if (srcBegin > srcEnd)
                throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("srcBegin > srcEnd");
            System.arraycopy(value, srcBegin, dst, dstBegin, srcEnd - srcBegin);
        }
     
        /**
         * The character at the specified index is set to <code>ch</code>. This
         * sequence is altered to represent a new character sequence that is
         * identical to the old character sequence, except that it contains the
         * character <code>ch</code> at position <code>index</code>.
         * <p>
         * The index argument must be greater than or equal to
         * <code>0</code>, and less than the length of this sequence.
         *
         * @param      index   the index of the character to modify.
         * @param      ch      the new character.
         * @throws     IndexOutOfBoundsException  if <code>index</code> is
         *             negative or greater than or equal to <code>length()</code>.
         */
        public void setCharAt(int index, char ch) {
            if ((index < 0) || (index >= count))
                throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
            value[index] = ch;
        }
     
        /**
         * Appends the string representation of the {@code Object} argument.
         * <p>
         * The overall effect is exactly as if the argument were converted
         * to a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(Object)},
         * and the characters of that string were then
         * {@link #append(String) appended} to this character sequence.
         *
         * @param   obj   an {@code Object}.
         * @return  a reference to this object.
         */
        public AbstractStringBuilder append(Object obj) {
            return append(String.valueOf(obj));
        }
     
        /**
         * Appends the specified string to this character sequence.
         * <p>
         * The characters of the {@code String} argument are appended, in
         * order, increasing the length of this sequence by the length of the
         * argument. If {@code str} is {@code null}, then the four
         * characters {@code "null"} are appended.
         * <p>
         * Let <i>n</i> be the length of this character sequence just prior to
         * execution of the {@code append} method. Then the character at
         * index <i>k</i> in the new character sequence is equal to the character
         * at index <i>k</i> in the old character sequence, if <i>k</i> is less
         * than <i>n</i>; otherwise, it is equal to the character at index
         * <i>k-n</i> in the argument {@code str}.
         *
         * @param   str   a string.
         * @return  a reference to this object.
         */
        public AbstractStringBuilder append(String str) {
            if (str == null) str = "null";
            int len = str.length();
            if (len == 0) return this;
            int newCount = count + len;
            if (newCount > value.length)
                expandCapacity(newCount);
            str.getChars(0, len, value, count);
            count = newCount;
            return this;
        }
     
        // Documentation in subclasses because of synchro difference
        public AbstractStringBuilder append(StringBuffer sb) {
            if (sb == null)
                return append("null");
            int len = sb.length();
            int newCount = count + len;
            if (newCount > value.length)
                expandCapacity(newCount);
            sb.getChars(0, len, value, count);
            count = newCount;
            return this;
        }
     
        // Documentation in subclasses because of synchro difference
        public AbstractStringBuilder append(CharSequence s) {
            if (s == null)
                s = "null";
            if (s instanceof String)
                return this.append((String)s);
            if (s instanceof StringBuffer)
                return this.append((StringBuffer)s);
            return this.append(s, 0, s.length());
        }
     
        /**
         * Appends a subsequence of the specified {@code CharSequence} to this
         * sequence.
         * <p>
         * Characters of the argument {@code s}, starting at
         * index {@code start}, are appended, in order, to the contents of
         * this sequence up to the (exclusive) index {@code end}. The length
         * of this sequence is increased by the value of {@code end - start}.
         * <p>
         * Let <i>n</i> be the length of this character sequence just prior to
         * execution of the {@code append} method. Then the character at
         * index <i>k</i> in this character sequence becomes equal to the
         * character at index <i>k</i> in this sequence, if <i>k</i> is less than
         * <i>n</i>; otherwise, it is equal to the character at index
         * <i>k+start-n</i> in the argument {@code s}.
         * <p>
         * If {@code s} is {@code null}, then this method appends
         * characters as if the s parameter was a sequence containing the four
         * characters {@code "null"}.
         *
         * @param   s the sequence to append.
         * @param   start   the starting index of the subsequence to be appended.
         * @param   end     the end index of the subsequence to be appended.
         * @return  a reference to this object.
         * @throws     IndexOutOfBoundsException if
         *             {@code start} is negative, or
         *             {@code start} is greater than {@code end} or
         *             {@code end} is greater than {@code s.length()}
         */
        public AbstractStringBuilder append(CharSequence s, int start, int end) {
            if (s == null)
                s = "null";
            if ((start < 0) || (end < 0) || (start > end) || (end > s.length()))
                throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(
                    "start " + start + ", end " + end + ", s.length() "
                    + s.length());
            int len = end - start;
            if (len == 0)
                return this;
            int newCount = count + len;
            if (newCount > value.length)
                expandCapacity(newCount);
            for (int i=start; i<end; i++)
                value[count++] = s.charAt(i);
            count = newCount;
            return this;
        }
     
        /**
         * Appends the string representation of the {@code char} array
         * argument to this sequence.
         * <p>
         * The characters of the array argument are appended, in order, to
         * the contents of this sequence. The length of this sequence
         * increases by the length of the argument.
         * <p>
         * The overall effect is exactly as if the argument were converted
         * to a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(char[])},
         * and the characters of that string were then
         * {@link #append(String) appended} to this character sequence.
         *
         * @param   str   the characters to be appended.
         * @return  a reference to this object.
         */
        public AbstractStringBuilder append(char[] str) {
            int newCount = count + str.length;
            if (newCount > value.length)
                expandCapacity(newCount);
            System.arraycopy(str, 0, value, count, str.length);
            count = newCount;
            return this;
        }
     
        /**
         * Appends the string representation of a subarray of the
         * {@code char} array argument to this sequence.
         * <p>
         * Characters of the {@code char} array {@code str}, starting at
         * index {@code offset}, are appended, in order, to the contents
         * of this sequence. The length of this sequence increases
         * by the value of {@code len}.
         * <p>
         * The overall effect is exactly as if the arguments were converted
         * to a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(char[],int,int)},
         * and the characters of that string were then
         * {@link #append(String) appended} to this character sequence.
         *
         * @param   str      the characters to be appended.
         * @param   offset   the index of the first {@code char} to append.
         * @param   len      the number of {@code char}s to append.
         * @return  a reference to this object.
         * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException
         *         if {@code offset < 0} or {@code len < 0}
         *         or {@code offset+len > str.length}
         */
        public AbstractStringBuilder append(char str[], int offset, int len) {
            int newCount = count + len;
            if (newCount > value.length)
                expandCapacity(newCount);
            System.arraycopy(str, offset, value, count, len);
            count = newCount;
            return this;
        }
     
        /**
         * Appends the string representation of the {@code boolean}
         * argument to the sequence.
         * <p>
         * The overall effect is exactly as if the argument were converted
         * to a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(boolean)},
         * and the characters of that string were then
         * {@link #append(String) appended} to this character sequence.
         *
         * @param   b   a {@code boolean}.
         * @return  a reference to this object.
         */
        public AbstractStringBuilder append(boolean b) {
            if (b) {
                int newCount = count + 4;
                if (newCount > value.length)
                    expandCapacity(newCount);
                value[count++] = 't';
                value[count++] = 'r';
                value[count++] = 'u';
                value[count++] = 'e';
            } else {
                int newCount = count + 5;
                if (newCount > value.length)
                    expandCapacity(newCount);
                value[count++] = 'f';
                value[count++] = 'a';
                value[count++] = 'l';
                value[count++] = 's';
                value[count++] = 'e';
            }
            return this;
        }
     
        /**
         * Appends the string representation of the {@code char}
         * argument to this sequence.
         * <p>
         * The argument is appended to the contents of this sequence.
         * The length of this sequence increases by {@code 1}.
         * <p>
         * The overall effect is exactly as if the argument were converted
         * to a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(char)},
         * and the character in that string were then
         * {@link #append(String) appended} to this character sequence.
         *
         * @param   c   a {@code char}.
         * @return  a reference to this object.
         */
        public AbstractStringBuilder append(char c) {
            int newCount = count + 1;
            if (newCount > value.length)
                expandCapacity(newCount);
            value[count++] = c;
            return this;
        }
     
        /**
         * Appends the string representation of the {@code int}
         * argument to this sequence.
         * <p>
         * The overall effect is exactly as if the argument were converted
         * to a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(int)},
         * and the characters of that string were then
         * {@link #append(String) appended} to this character sequence.
         *
         * @param   i   an {@code int}.
         * @return  a reference to this object.
         */
        public AbstractStringBuilder append(int i) {
            if (i == Integer.MIN_VALUE) {
                append("-2147483648");
                return this;
            }
            int appendedLength = (i < 0) ? Integer.stringSize(-i) + 1
                                         : Integer.stringSize(i);
            int spaceNeeded = count + appendedLength;
            if (spaceNeeded > value.length)
                expandCapacity(spaceNeeded);
            Integer.getChars(i, spaceNeeded, value);
            count = spaceNeeded;
            return this;
        }
     
        /**
         * Appends the string representation of the {@code long}
         * argument to this sequence.
         * <p>
         * The overall effect is exactly as if the argument were converted
         * to a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(long)},
         * and the characters of that string were then
         * {@link #append(String) appended} to this character sequence.
         *
         * @param   l   a {@code long}.
         * @return  a reference to this object.
         */
        public AbstractStringBuilder append(long l) {
            if (l == Long.MIN_VALUE) {
                append("-9223372036854775808");
                return this;
            }
            int appendedLength = (l < 0) ? Long.stringSize(-l) + 1
                                         : Long.stringSize(l);
            int spaceNeeded = count + appendedLength;
            if (spaceNeeded > value.length)
                expandCapacity(spaceNeeded);
            Long.getChars(l, spaceNeeded, value);
            count = spaceNeeded;
            return this;
        }
     
        /**
         * Appends the string representation of the {@code float}
         * argument to this sequence.
         * <p>
         * The overall effect is exactly as if the argument were converted
         * to a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(float)},
         * and the characters of that string were then
         * {@link #append(String) appended} to this character sequence.
         *
         * @param   f   a {@code float}.
         * @return  a reference to this object.
         */
        public AbstractStringBuilder append(float f) {
            new FloatingDecimal(f).appendTo(this);
            return this;
        }
     
        /**
         * Appends the string representation of the {@code double}
         * argument to this sequence.
         * <p>
         * The overall effect is exactly as if the argument were converted
         * to a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(double)},
         * and the characters of that string were then
         * {@link #append(String) appended} to this character sequence.
         *
         * @param   d   a {@code double}.
         * @return  a reference to this object.
         */
        public AbstractStringBuilder append(double d) {
            new FloatingDecimal(d).appendTo(this);
            return this;
        }
     
        /**
         * Removes the characters in a substring of this sequence.
         * The substring begins at the specified {@code start} and extends to
         * the character at index {@code end - 1} or to the end of the
         * sequence if no such character exists. If
         * {@code start} is equal to {@code end}, no changes are made.
         *
         * @param      start  The beginning index, inclusive.
         * @param      end    The ending index, exclusive.
         * @return     This object.
         * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if {@code start}
         *             is negative, greater than {@code length()}, or
         *             greater than {@code end}.
         */
        public AbstractStringBuilder delete(int start, int end) {
            if (start < 0)
                throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(start);
            if (end > count)
                end = count;
            if (start > end)
                throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException();
            int len = end - start;
            if (len > 0) {
                System.arraycopy(value, start+len, value, start, count-end);
                count -= len;
            }
            return this;
        }
     
        /**
         * Appends the string representation of the {@code codePoint}
         * argument to this sequence.
         *
         * <p> The argument is appended to the contents of this sequence.
         * The length of this sequence increases by
         * {@link Character#charCount(int) Character.charCount(codePoint)}.
         *
         * <p> The overall effect is exactly as if the argument were
         * converted to a {@code char} array by the method
         * {@link Character#toChars(int)} and the character in that array
         * were then {@link #append(char[]) appended} to this character
         * sequence.
         *
         * @param   codePoint   a Unicode code point
         * @return  a reference to this object.
         * @exception IllegalArgumentException if the specified
         * {@code codePoint} isn't a valid Unicode code point
         */
        public AbstractStringBuilder appendCodePoint(int codePoint) {
            if (!Character.isValidCodePoint(codePoint)) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException();
            }
            int n = 1;
            if (codePoint >= Character.MIN_SUPPLEMENTARY_CODE_POINT) {
                n++;
            }
            int newCount = count + n;
            if (newCount > value.length) {
                expandCapacity(newCount);
            }
            if (n == 1) {
                value[count++] = (char) codePoint;
            } else {
                Character.toSurrogates(codePoint, value, count);
                count += n;
            }
            return this;
        }
     
        /**
         * Removes the <code>char</code> at the specified position in this
         * sequence. This sequence is shortened by one <code>char</code>.
         *
         * <p>Note: If the character at the given index is a supplementary
         * character, this method does not remove the entire character. If
         * correct handling of supplementary characters is required,
         * determine the number of <code>char</code>s to remove by calling
         * <code>Character.charCount(thisSequence.codePointAt(index))</code>,
         * where <code>thisSequence</code> is this sequence.
         *
         * @param       index  Index of <code>char</code> to remove
         * @return      This object.
         * @throws      StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if the <code>index</code>
         *              is negative or greater than or equal to
         *              <code>length()</code>.
         */
        public AbstractStringBuilder deleteCharAt(int index) {
            if ((index < 0) || (index >= count))
                throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
            System.arraycopy(value, index+1, value, index, count-index-1);
            count--;
            return this;
        }
     
        /**
         * Replaces the characters in a substring of this sequence
         * with characters in the specified <code>String</code>. The substring
         * begins at the specified <code>start</code> and extends to the character
         * at index <code>end - 1</code> or to the end of the
         * sequence if no such character exists. First the
         * characters in the substring are removed and then the specified
         * <code>String</code> is inserted at <code>start</code>. (This
         * sequence will be lengthened to accommodate the
         * specified String if necessary.)
         *
         * @param      start    The beginning index, inclusive.
         * @param      end      The ending index, exclusive.
         * @param      str   String that will replace previous contents.
         * @return     This object.
         * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if <code>start</code>
         *             is negative, greater than <code>length()</code>, or
         *             greater than <code>end</code>.
         */
        public AbstractStringBuilder replace(int start, int end, String str) {
            if (start < 0)
                throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(start);
            if (start > count)
                throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("start > length()");
            if (start > end)
                throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("start > end");
     
            if (end > count)
                end = count;
            int len = str.length();
            int newCount = count + len - (end - start);
            if (newCount > value.length)
                expandCapacity(newCount);
     
            System.arraycopy(value, end, value, start + len, count - end);
            str.getChars(value, start);
            count = newCount;
            return this;
        }
     
        /**
         * Returns a new <code>String</code> that contains a subsequence of
         * characters currently contained in this character sequence. The
         * substring begins at the specified index and extends to the end of
         * this sequence.
         *
         * @param      start    The beginning index, inclusive.
         * @return     The new string.
         * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if <code>start</code> is
         *             less than zero, or greater than the length of this object.
         */
        public String substring(int start) {
            return substring(start, count);
        }
     
        /**
         * Returns a new character sequence that is a subsequence of this sequence.
         *
         * <p> An invocation of this method of the form
         *
         * <blockquote><pre>
         * sb.subSequence(begin,&nbsp;end)</pre></blockquote>
         *
         * behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation
         *
         * <blockquote><pre>
         * sb.substring(begin,&nbsp;end)</pre></blockquote>
         *
         * This method is provided so that this class can
         * implement the {@link CharSequence} interface. </p>
         *
         * @param      start   the start index, inclusive.
         * @param      end     the end index, exclusive.
         * @return     the specified subsequence.
         *
         * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
         *          if <tt>start</tt> or <tt>end</tt> are negative,
         *          if <tt>end</tt> is greater than <tt>length()</tt>,
         *          or if <tt>start</tt> is greater than <tt>end</tt>
         * @spec JSR-51
         */
        public CharSequence subSequence(int start, int end) {
            return substring(start, end);
        }
     
        /**
         * Returns a new <code>String</code> that contains a subsequence of
         * characters currently contained in this sequence. The
         * substring begins at the specified <code>start</code> and
         * extends to the character at index <code>end - 1</code>.
         *
         * @param      start    The beginning index, inclusive.
         * @param      end      The ending index, exclusive.
         * @return     The new string.
         * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if <code>start</code>
         *             or <code>end</code> are negative or greater than
         *             <code>length()</code>, or <code>start</code> is
         *             greater than <code>end</code>.
         */
        public String substring(int start, int end) {
            if (start < 0)
                throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(start);
            if (end > count)
                throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(end);
            if (start > end)
                throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(end - start);
            return new String(value, start, end - start);
        }
     
        /**
         * Inserts the string representation of a subarray of the {@code str}
         * array argument into this sequence. The subarray begins at the
         * specified {@code offset} and extends {@code len} {@code char}s.
         * The characters of the subarray are inserted into this sequence at
         * the position indicated by {@code index}. The length of this
         * sequence increases by {@code len} {@code char}s.
         *
         * @param      index    position at which to insert subarray.
         * @param      str       A {@code char} array.
         * @param      offset   the index of the first {@code char} in subarray to
         *             be inserted.
         * @param      len      the number of {@code char}s in the subarray to
         *             be inserted.
         * @return     This object
         * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if {@code index}
         *             is negative or greater than {@code length()}, or
         *             {@code offset} or {@code len} are negative, or
         *             {@code (offset+len)} is greater than
         *             {@code str.length}.
         */
        public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int index, char[] str, int offset,
                                            int len)
        {
            if ((index < 0) || (index > length()))
                throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
            if ((offset < 0) || (len < 0) || (offset > str.length - len))
                throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(
                    "offset " + offset + ", len " + len + ", str.length "
                    + str.length);
            int newCount = count + len;
            if (newCount > value.length)
                expandCapacity(newCount);
            System.arraycopy(value, index, value, index + len, count - index);
            System.arraycopy(str, offset, value, index, len);
            count = newCount;
            return this;
        }
     
        /**
         * Inserts the string representation of the {@code Object}
         * argument into this character sequence.
         * <p>
         * The overall effect is exactly as if the second argument were
         * converted to a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(Object)},
         * and the characters of that string were then
         * {@link #insert(int,String) inserted} into this character
         * sequence at the indicated offset.
         * <p>
         * The {@code offset} argument must be greater than or equal to
         * {@code 0}, and less than or equal to the {@linkplain #length() length}
         * of this sequence.
         *
         * @param      offset   the offset.
         * @param      obj      an {@code Object}.
         * @return     a reference to this object.
         * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if the offset is invalid.
         */
        public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int offset, Object obj) {
            return insert(offset, String.valueOf(obj));
        }
     
        /**
         * Inserts the string into this character sequence.
         * <p>
         * The characters of the {@code String} argument are inserted, in
         * order, into this sequence at the indicated offset, moving up any
         * characters originally above that position and increasing the length
         * of this sequence by the length of the argument. If
         * {@code str} is {@code null}, then the four characters
         * {@code "null"} are inserted into this sequence.
         * <p>
         * The character at index <i>k</i> in the new character sequence is
         * equal to:
         * <ul>
         * <li>the character at index <i>k</i> in the old character sequence, if
         * <i>k</i> is less than {@code offset}
         * <li>the character at index <i>k</i>{@code -offset} in the
         * argument {@code str}, if <i>k</i> is not less than
         * {@code offset} but is less than {@code offset+str.length()}
         * <li>the character at index <i>k</i>{@code -str.length()} in the
         * old character sequence, if <i>k</i> is not less than
         * {@code offset+str.length()}
         * </ul><p>
         * The {@code offset} argument must be greater than or equal to
         * {@code 0}, and less than or equal to the {@linkplain #length() length}
         * of this sequence.
         *
         * @param      offset   the offset.
         * @param      str      a string.
         * @return     a reference to this object.
         * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if the offset is invalid.
         */
        public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int offset, String str) {
            if ((offset < 0) || (offset > length()))
                throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset);
            if (str == null)
                str = "null";
            int len = str.length();
            int newCount = count + len;
            if (newCount > value.length)
                expandCapacity(newCount);
            System.arraycopy(value, offset, value, offset + len, count - offset);
            str.getChars(value, offset);
            count = newCount;
            return this;
        }
     
        /**
         * Inserts the string representation of the {@code char} array
         * argument into this sequence.
         * <p>
         * The characters of the array argument are inserted into the
         * contents of this sequence at the position indicated by
         * {@code offset}. The length of this sequence increases by
         * the length of the argument.
         * <p>
         * The overall effect is exactly as if the second argument were
         * converted to a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(char[])},
         * and the characters of that string were then
         * {@link #insert(int,String) inserted} into this character
         * sequence at the indicated offset.
         * <p>
         * The {@code offset} argument must be greater than or equal to
         * {@code 0}, and less than or equal to the {@linkplain #length() length}
         * of this sequence.
         *
         * @param      offset   the offset.
         * @param      str      a character array.
         * @return     a reference to this object.
         * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if the offset is invalid.
         */
        public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int offset, char[] str) {
            if ((offset < 0) || (offset > length()))
                throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset);
            int len = str.length;
            int newCount = count + len;
            if (newCount > value.length)
                expandCapacity(newCount);
            System.arraycopy(value, offset, value, offset + len, count - offset);
            System.arraycopy(str, 0, value, offset, len);
            count = newCount;
            return this;
        }
     
        /**
         * Inserts the specified {@code CharSequence} into this sequence.
         * <p>
         * The characters of the {@code CharSequence} argument are inserted,
         * in order, into this sequence at the indicated offset, moving up
         * any characters originally above that position and increasing the length
         * of this sequence by the length of the argument s.
         * <p>
         * The result of this method is exactly the same as if it were an
         * invocation of this object's
         * {@link #insert(int,CharSequence,int,int) insert}(dstOffset, s, 0, s.length())
         * method.
         *
         * <p>If {@code s} is {@code null}, then the four characters
         * {@code "null"} are inserted into this sequence.
         *
         * @param      dstOffset   the offset.
         * @param      s the sequence to be inserted
         * @return     a reference to this object.
         * @throws     IndexOutOfBoundsException  if the offset is invalid.
         */
        public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int dstOffset, CharSequence s) {
            if (s == null)
                s = "null";
            if (s instanceof String)
                return this.insert(dstOffset, (String)s);
            return this.insert(dstOffset, s, 0, s.length());
        }
     
        /**
         * Inserts a subsequence of the specified {@code CharSequence} into
         * this sequence.
         * <p>
         * The subsequence of the argument {@code s} specified by
         * {@code start} and {@code end} are inserted,
         * in order, into this sequence at the specified destination offset, moving
         * up any characters originally above that position. The length of this
         * sequence is increased by {@code end - start}.
         * <p>
         * The character at index <i>k</i> in this sequence becomes equal to:
         * <ul>
         * <li>the character at index <i>k</i> in this sequence, if
         * <i>k</i> is less than {@code dstOffset}
         * <li>the character at index <i>k</i>{@code +start-dstOffset} in
         * the argument {@code s}, if <i>k</i> is greater than or equal to
         * {@code dstOffset} but is less than {@code dstOffset+end-start}
         * <li>the character at index <i>k</i>{@code -(end-start)} in this
         * sequence, if <i>k</i> is greater than or equal to
         * {@code dstOffset+end-start}
         * </ul><p>
         * The {@code dstOffset} argument must be greater than or equal to
         * {@code 0}, and less than or equal to the {@linkplain #length() length}
         * of this sequence.
         * <p>The start argument must be nonnegative, and not greater than
         * {@code end}.
         * <p>The end argument must be greater than or equal to
         * {@code start}, and less than or equal to the length of s.
         *
         * <p>If {@code s} is {@code null}, then this method inserts
         * characters as if the s parameter was a sequence containing the four
         * characters {@code "null"}.
         *
         * @param      dstOffset   the offset in this sequence.
         * @param      s       the sequence to be inserted.
         * @param      start   the starting index of the subsequence to be inserted.
         * @param      end     the end index of the subsequence to be inserted.
         * @return     a reference to this object.
         * @throws     IndexOutOfBoundsException  if {@code dstOffset}
         *             is negative or greater than {@code this.length()}, or
         *              {@code start} or {@code end} are negative, or
         *              {@code start} is greater than {@code end} or
         *              {@code end} is greater than {@code s.length()}
         */
         public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int dstOffset, CharSequence s,
                                             int start, int end) {
            if (s == null)
                s = "null";
            if ((dstOffset < 0) || (dstOffset > this.length()))
                throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("dstOffset "+dstOffset);
            if ((start < 0) || (end < 0) || (start > end) || (end > s.length()))
                throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(
                    "start " + start + ", end " + end + ", s.length() "
                    + s.length());
            int len = end - start;
            if (len == 0)
                return this;
            int newCount = count + len;
            if (newCount > value.length)
                expandCapacity(newCount);
            System.arraycopy(value, dstOffset, value, dstOffset + len,
                             count - dstOffset);
            for (int i=start; i<end; i++)
                value[dstOffset++] = s.charAt(i);
            count = newCount;
            return this;
        }
     
        /**
         * Inserts the string representation of the {@code boolean}
         * argument into this sequence.
         * <p>
         * The overall effect is exactly as if the second argument were
         * converted to a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(boolean)},
         * and the characters of that string were then
         * {@link #insert(int,String) inserted} into this character
         * sequence at the indicated offset.
         * <p>
         * The {@code offset} argument must be greater than or equal to
         * {@code 0}, and less than or equal to the {@linkplain #length() length}
         * of this sequence.
         *
         * @param      offset   the offset.
         * @param      b        a {@code boolean}.
         * @return     a reference to this object.
         * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if the offset is invalid.
         */
        public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int offset, boolean b) {
            return insert(offset, String.valueOf(b));
        }
     
        /**
         * Inserts the string representation of the {@code char}
         * argument into this sequence.
         * <p>
         * The overall effect is exactly as if the second argument were
         * converted to a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(char)},
         * and the character in that string were then
         * {@link #insert(int,String) inserted} into this character
         * sequence at the indicated offset.
         * <p>
         * The {@code offset} argument must be greater than or equal to
         * {@code 0}, and less than or equal to the {@linkplain #length() length}
         * of this sequence.
         *
         * @param      offset   the offset.
         * @param      c        a {@code char}.
         * @return     a reference to this object.
         * @throws     IndexOutOfBoundsException  if the offset is invalid.
         */
        public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int offset, char c) {
            int newCount = count + 1;
            if (newCount > value.length)
                expandCapacity(newCount);
            System.arraycopy(value, offset, value, offset + 1, count - offset);
            value[offset] = c;
            count = newCount;
            return this;
        }
     
        /**
         * Inserts the string representation of the second {@code int}
         * argument into this sequence.
         * <p>
         * The overall effect is exactly as if the second argument were
         * converted to a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(int)},
         * and the characters of that string were then
         * {@link #insert(int,String) inserted} into this character
         * sequence at the indicated offset.
         * <p>
         * The {@code offset} argument must be greater than or equal to
         * {@code 0}, and less than or equal to the {@linkplain #length() length}
         * of this sequence.
         *
         * @param      offset   the offset.
         * @param      i        an {@code int}.
         * @return     a reference to this object.
         * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if the offset is invalid.
         */
        public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int offset, int i) {
            return insert(offset, String.valueOf(i));
        }
     
        /**
         * Inserts the string representation of the {@code long}
         * argument into this sequence.
         * <p>
         * The overall effect is exactly as if the second argument were
         * converted to a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(long)},
         * and the characters of that string were then
         * {@link #insert(int,String) inserted} into this character
         * sequence at the indicated offset.
         * <p>
         * The {@code offset} argument must be greater than or equal to
         * {@code 0}, and less than or equal to the {@linkplain #length() length}
         * of this sequence.
         *
         * @param      offset   the offset.
         * @param      l        a {@code long}.
         * @return     a reference to this object.
         * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if the offset is invalid.
         */
        public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int offset, long l) {
            return insert(offset, String.valueOf(l));
        }
     
        /**
         * Inserts the string representation of the {@code float}
         * argument into this sequence.
         * <p>
         * The overall effect is exactly as if the second argument were
         * converted to a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(float)},
         * and the characters of that string were then
         * {@link #insert(int,String) inserted} into this character
         * sequence at the indicated offset.
         * <p>
         * The {@code offset} argument must be greater than or equal to
         * {@code 0}, and less than or equal to the {@linkplain #length() length}
         * of this sequence.
         *
         * @param      offset   the offset.
         * @param      f        a {@code float}.
         * @return     a reference to this object.
         * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if the offset is invalid.
         */
        public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int offset, float f) {
            return insert(offset, String.valueOf(f));
        }
     
        /**
         * Inserts the string representation of the {@code double}
         * argument into this sequence.
         * <p>
         * The overall effect is exactly as if the second argument were
         * converted to a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(double)},
         * and the characters of that string were then
         * {@link #insert(int,String) inserted} into this character
         * sequence at the indicated offset.
         * <p>
         * The {@code offset} argument must be greater than or equal to
         * {@code 0}, and less than or equal to the {@linkplain #length() length}
         * of this sequence.
         *
         * @param      offset   the offset.
         * @param      d        a {@code double}.
         * @return     a reference to this object.
         * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if the offset is invalid.
         */
        public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int offset, double d) {
            return insert(offset, String.valueOf(d));
        }
     
        /**
         * Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the
         * specified substring. The integer returned is the smallest value
         * <i>k</i> such that:
         * <blockquote><pre>
         * this.toString().startsWith(str, <i>k</i>)
         * </pre></blockquote>
         * is <code>true</code>.
         *
         * @param   str   any string.
         * @return  if the string argument occurs as a substring within this
         *          object, then the index of the first character of the first
         *          such substring is returned; if it does not occur as a
         *          substring, <code>-1</code> is returned.
         * @throws  java.lang.NullPointerException if <code>str</code> is
         *          <code>null</code>.
         */
        public int indexOf(String str) {
            return indexOf(str, 0);
        }
     
        /**
         * Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the
         * specified substring, starting at the specified index.  The integer
         * returned is the smallest value <tt>k</tt> for which:
         * <blockquote><pre>
         *     k >= Math.min(fromIndex, str.length()) &&
         *                   this.toString().startsWith(str, k)
         * </pre></blockquote>
         * If no such value of <i>k</i> exists, then -1 is returned.
         *
         * @param   str         the substring for which to search.
         * @param   fromIndex   the index from which to start the search.
         * @return  the index within this string of the first occurrence of the
         *          specified substring, starting at the specified index.
         * @throws  java.lang.NullPointerException if <code>str</code> is
         *            <code>null</code>.
         */
        public int indexOf(String str, int fromIndex) {
            return String.indexOf(value, 0, count,
                                  str.toCharArray(), 0, str.length(), fromIndex);
        }
     
        /**
         * Returns the index within this string of the rightmost occurrence
         * of the specified substring.  The rightmost empty string "" is
         * considered to occur at the index value <code>this.length()</code>.
         * The returned index is the largest value <i>k</i> such that
         * <blockquote><pre>
         * this.toString().startsWith(str, k)
         * </pre></blockquote>
         * is true.
         *
         * @param   str   the substring to search for.
         * @return  if the string argument occurs one or more times as a substring
         *          within this object, then the index of the first character of
         *          the last such substring is returned. If it does not occur as
         *          a substring, <code>-1</code> is returned.
         * @throws  java.lang.NullPointerException  if <code>str</code> is
         *          <code>null</code>.
         */
        public int lastIndexOf(String str) {
            return lastIndexOf(str, count);
        }
     
        /**
         * Returns the index within this string of the last occurrence of the
         * specified substring. The integer returned is the largest value <i>k</i>
         * such that:
         * <blockquote><pre>
         *     k <= Math.min(fromIndex, str.length()) &&
         *                   this.toString().startsWith(str, k)
         * </pre></blockquote>
         * If no such value of <i>k</i> exists, then -1 is returned.
         *
         * @param   str         the substring to search for.
         * @param   fromIndex   the index to start the search from.
         * @return  the index within this sequence of the last occurrence of the
         *          specified substring.
         * @throws  java.lang.NullPointerException if <code>str</code> is
         *          <code>null</code>.
         */
        public int lastIndexOf(String str, int fromIndex) {
            return String.lastIndexOf(value, 0, count,
                                  str.toCharArray(), 0, str.length(), fromIndex);
        }
     
        /**
         * Causes this character sequence to be replaced by the reverse of
         * the sequence. If there are any surrogate pairs included in the
         * sequence, these are treated as single characters for the
         * reverse operation. Thus, the order of the high-low surrogates
         * is never reversed.
         *
         * Let <i>n</i> be the character length of this character sequence
         * (not the length in <code>char</code> values) just prior to
         * execution of the <code>reverse</code> method. Then the
         * character at index <i>k</i> in the new character sequence is
         * equal to the character at index <i>n-k-1</i> in the old
         * character sequence.
         *
         * <p>Note that the reverse operation may result in producing
         * surrogate pairs that were unpaired low-surrogates and
         * high-surrogates before the operation. For example, reversing
         * "\uDC00\uD800" produces "\uD800\uDC00" which is
         * a valid surrogate pair.
         *
         * @return  a reference to this object.
         */
        public AbstractStringBuilder reverse() {
            boolean hasSurrogate = false;
            int n = count - 1;
            for (int j = (n-1) >> 1; j >= 0; --j) {
                char temp = value[j];
                char temp2 = value[n - j];
                if (!hasSurrogate) {
                    hasSurrogate = (temp >= Character.MIN_SURROGATE && temp <= Character.MAX_SURROGATE)
                        || (temp2 >= Character.MIN_SURROGATE && temp2 <= Character.MAX_SURROGATE);
                }
                value[j] = temp2;
                value[n - j] = temp;
            }
            if (hasSurrogate) {
                // Reverse back all valid surrogate pairs
                for (int i = 0; i < count - 1; i++) {
                    char c2 = value[i];
                    if (Character.isLowSurrogate(c2)) {
                        char c1 = value[i + 1];
                        if (Character.isHighSurrogate(c1)) {
                            value[i++] = c1;
                            value[i] = c2;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            return this;
        }
     
        /**
         * Returns a string representing the data in this sequence.
         * A new <code>String</code> object is allocated and initialized to
         * contain the character sequence currently represented by this
         * object. This <code>String</code> is then returned. Subsequent
         * changes to this sequence do not affect the contents of the
         * <code>String</code>.
         *
         * @return  a string representation of this sequence of characters.
         */
        public abstract String toString();
     
        /**
         * Needed by <tt>String</tt> for the contentEquals method.
         */
        final char[] getValue() {
            return value;
        }
     
    }

    // Json

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