related to static! need help

Hello,
Below is my code for Stack implementation.

Code :

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/*
 * To change this template, choose Tools | Templates
 * and open the template in the editor.
 */
package doubt1;
 
/**
 *
 * @author Rohan <Rohan at Home Workstation>
 */
import java.io.*;
 
class Stack3 {
 
    int stack[];
    int tos;
 
    void push(int ele1) {
        stack[++tos] = ele1;
    }
 
    int pop() {
 
        int ele2 = stack[tos];
        tos--;
        return ele2;
    }
 
    void contents() {
        if (tos == -1) {
            System.out.println("Stack empty");
        } else {
            System.out.println("Contents of stack are");
            for (int i = tos; i >= 0; i--) {
 
                System.out.println(stack[i]);
            }
        }
    }
 
    Stack3() {
        stack = new int[10];
        tos = -1;
    }
}
 
public class Doubt1 {
 
    public static void main(String args[]) throws java.io.IOException {
        Stack3 stackcopy = new Stack3();
 
 
 
        String choice = null;
        int getchoice;
        char menucontinue = 't';
        do {
            System.out.println("---Stack Menu---");
            System.out.println("");
            System.out.println("1:Push");
            System.out.println("2:Pop");
            System.out.println("3:Contents of Stack");
            System.out.println("4:Exit");
            System.out.println("");
            BufferedReader is = new BufferedReader(
                    new InputStreamReader(System.in));
            System.out.println("Enter your choice");
            choice = is.readLine();
            getchoice = Integer.parseInt(choice);
 
            switch (getchoice) {
                case 1:
                    if (stackcopy.tos == 9) {
                        System.out.println("Stack full");
                    } else {
                        String pushele = null;
                        int ele;
                        BufferedReader is1 = new BufferedReader(
                                new InputStreamReader(System.in));
                        System.out.println("Enter element to be inserted");
                        pushele = is1.readLine();
                        ele = Integer.parseInt(pushele);
                        stackcopy.push(ele);                   }
                    break;
                case 2:
                    if (stackcopy.tos == -1) {
                        System.out.println("Stack Empty");
                    } else {
                        int popele;
                        popele = stackcopy.pop();
                        System.out.println("Element poped is " + popele);
                    }
                    break;
 
                case 3:
                    stackcopy.contents();
                    break;
 
                case 4:
                    menucontinue = 'f';
                    break;
 
                default:
                    System.out.println("Enter valid choice");
                    break;
            }
 
 
        } while (menucontinue == 't');
 
    }
}

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Its working fine without errors and exception.

I have created an instance of class Stack3.But how is my static main() method able to access non static variables,and pass it topush(int ele1) method of Stack3 class. By definition and Java Language specification "a static method cannot access
non-static data

But again if i try to pass non static variable to a class method in main() in another program

Code :

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package doubt2;
import java.io.*;
/**
 *
 * @author Rohan <Rohan at Home Workstation>
 */
class D{
void call(){}
void fill(int g){}
}
public class Doubt2 {
int k=9;
    /**
     * @param args the command line arguments
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) throws java.io.IOException {
        // TODO code application logic here
        D d = new D();        
        d.call();
        d.fill(k);
 
    }
}

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Its giving the required error...
i.e non static variable cannot be referenced from a static context.

What is the problem or where am i going wrong in understanding the concepts of static? Kindly help me.Getting too confused

Quote:

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Its giving the required error...

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Please post the full text of the error message. It contains useful information in fixing the problem.
Like the line number and the text of the source.

A static method cannot access a non-static members directly. However, if you have an instance of an object you can access non-static members through that object (you can create instances from static or non-static methods).

So in your second example you would need to create an instance of Doubt2 first, and then access k through that instance object:

Code Java:

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Doubt2 temp = new Doubt2();
d.fill(temp.k); // still inside of the static method main, but we're accessing k through the instance variable temp
d.fill(k); // error, we don't have any instance to access k with

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Your Doubt1 class is doing a similar thing, it's creating an instance of the Stack3 class and accessing the non-static members that way.

An analogy might be to consider a Car class. Before you instantiate a Car object, you can't access its non-static members, for example Car.drive(), or Car.num_wheels (think: there isn't actually a Car yet, how do you drive something you don't have?). However, as soon as you instantiate (create) a Car, say my_car, it makes sense to do something like my_car.drive(), or my_car.num_wheels.

Quote:

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Originally Posted by helloworld922

A static method cannot access a non-static members directly. However, if you have an instance of an object you can access non-static members through that object (you can create instances from static or non-static methods).

So in your second example you would need to create an instance of Doubt2 first, and then access k through that instance object:

Code Java:

---

Doubt2 temp = new Doubt2();
d.fill(temp.k); // still inside of the static method main, but we're accessing k through the instance variable temp
d.fill(k); // error, we don't have any instance to access k with

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Your Doubt1 class is doing a similar thing, it's creating an instance of the Stack3 class and accessing the non-static members that way.

An analogy might be to consider a Car class. Before you instantiate a Car object, you can't access its non-static members, for example Car.drive(), or Car.num_wheels (think: there isn't actually a Car yet, how do you drive something you don't have?). However, as soon as you instantiate (create) a Car, say my_car, it makes sense to do something like my_car.drive(), or my_car.num_wheels.

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Hey....For my first program, to access Stack3 class i have created an object called stackcopy and accessing an nonstatic method push(int ele) from main() of Doubt1 class.And in my second program Doubt2 (please go through the code) I have already created an object called d to access non static method call() and fill(int g). I can assure you one thing,There is no difference between creating object and calling an non static method from static method main() in either of the two programs.The problem is passing an nonstatic variable to a non static method
from static method main(). First program is allowing it and second one according to JLS is giving error.Either first
one is wrong or the second one according to JLS. SO having a great dilemma. Need help on that please

Quote:

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The problem is passing an nonstatic variable to a non static method
from static method main().

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Static blocks or methods are executed before everything else in your program and non static variables take memory when they are called, so does the static. Well, let's have an example;
Let's say we have a method X which is static and one more method Y that is non static.
There are four variables, a,b,c,d of some primitive data type.
According to the rules, X will take memory very first while a,b,c,d didn't even called yet so when you will try to access a,b,c,d (any of them) how do you think that it will let you access them. As they have no space in the memory yet.


Moreover, as said by Norm, post your error message so that we could have a look into that and could help you more appropriately.

I think i am very close to solving it.Just tell me one thing.Now(below i have written a short code about
the scenario) suppose if i have a static method X(). And in that if i declare a variable called int i.Now
is int i implicitly static even though i have not declared it as static int i.If "Yes" then it solves
my problem.
Here is a code snippet.

Code :

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static void X(){
int i;                // is int i implicitly static if declared in a static method?
}

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Or in the above code if int i is not static implicitly......... is it that static methods can actually have nonstatic
variables along with static variables?

Quote:

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Originally Posted by rohan22

I think i am very close to solving it.Just tell me one thing.Now(below i have written a short code about
the scenario) suppose if i have a static method X(). And in that if i declare a variable called int i.Now
is int i implicitly static even though i have not declared it as static int i.If "Yes" then it solves
my problem.
Here is a code snippet.

Code :

---

static void X(){
int i;                // is int i implicitly static if declared in a static method?
}

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Or in the above code if int i is not static implicitly......... is it that static methods can actually have nonstatic
variables along with static variables?

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NO!!!!
And did you try it?

Quote:

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Originally Posted by Mr.777

NO!!!!
And did you try it?

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Yes I have tried and its working Fine.Try the below code:

Code :

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class D {
int k;
 
 void fill(int g) {
        k = g;
        System.out.println("k is " + k);
    }
}
 
public class Temp {
 
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int m = 9;
        D d = new D();
 
 
        System.out.println("m is " +m);
        d.fill(m);
    }
}

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Quote:

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Originally Posted by rohan22

Yes I have tried and its working Fine.Try the below code:

Code :

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class D {
int k;
 
 void fill(int g) {
        k = g;
        System.out.println("k is " + k);
    }
}
 
public class Temp {
 
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int m = 9;
        D d = new D();
 
 
        System.out.println("m is " +m);
        d.fill(m);
    }
}

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Do you think m is static? NO!!!
m is being passed as argument to fill() of Class D and class D doesn't even know m. Your concept about static is wrong. This method you have tried is called value passing to the methods. Nothing else. m is not static.

Quote:

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suppose if i have a static method X(). And in that if i declare a variable called int i.Now
is int i implicitly static even though i have not declared it as static int i

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This was your question, so i replied NO and i can never be implicitly static.

Quote:

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Originally Posted by Mr.777

Do you think m is static? NO!!!
m is being passed as argument to fill() of Class D and class D doesn't even know m. Your concept about static is wrong. This method you have tried is called value passing to the methods. Nothing else. m is not static.

This was your question, so i replied NO and i can never be implicitly static.

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Yes i got to know that m is int and not static int in netbeans debugger when i review the contents of m.

Quote:

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Or in the above code if int i is not static implicitly......... is it that static methods can actually have nonstatic
variables along with static variables?

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But my question was can static methods have non static variables also.And yes i can conclude that it can have.
Am i right?

Yes. They can have non static variables.

Quote:

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Originally Posted by Mr.777

Yes. They can have non static variables.

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Cool............ thanks.....

Is there confusion here between local variables which all methods can have (m is local)
and static class variables?
Method can not define local static variables.